{"id":19,"date":"2025-02-20T18:02:00","date_gmt":"2025-02-20T18:02:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-04-27T18:14:42","modified_gmt":"2025-04-27T18:14:42","slug":"takakyykyn-biomekaniikkaa-hypertrofiaa-ja-antropometriaa-osa-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fitmia.fi\/?p=19","title":{"rendered":"Takakyykyn biomekaniikkaa, hypertrofiaa ja antropometriaa  Osa II"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">&nbsp;<span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Osa II<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Kyykkyyn<br \/>\nliitetty antropometria ja biomekaniikka on aiheena t\u00e4ss\u00e4 toisessa osassa, miss\u00e4<br \/>\ntarkastelen eri kyykyn asentoja sek\u00e4 vaikutuksia kehon eri osiin. Demers ym.<br \/>\n2018, Gomes ym. 2020 ovat tutkineet erilaisia fyysisi\u00e4 ominaisuuksia, kuten<br \/>\njalkojen pituussuhdetta sek\u00e4 nivelten joustavuutta suhteessa kyykkyyn.<br \/>\nErityisesti reisiluun ja s\u00e4\u00e4riluun pituussuhde nousi t\u00e4rke\u00e4ksi tekij\u00e4ksi, sill\u00e4<br \/>\nkyykyss\u00e4 lonkan ja polven koukistus sek\u00e4 ojennus tapahtuu reisiluun ja<br \/>\ns\u00e4\u00e4riluun liikkeell\u00e4. Demersin (2018) tutkimuksessa tuli ilmi, ett\u00e4 suurempi<br \/>\nreisiluun-s\u00e4\u00e4riluun suhde liittyy suurempiin dorsifleksio- ja polven koukistuskulmiin<br \/>\nerityisesti kyykyss\u00e4, jossa oli kapea jalkojen asento. MacKean ym. (2012)<br \/>\ntutkivat 3D-kinemaattisen analyysin avulla miesten ja naisten mahdollisia<br \/>\nliikkeen eroja kyykyn aikana. Tutkimuksen mukaan miehet nojaavat jonkin verran<br \/>\nenemm\u00e4n eteenp\u00e4in, jolloin selk\u00e4rangasta saadaan liike ja syvyys kyykkyyn.<br \/>\nNaiset puolestaan k\u00e4ytt\u00e4v\u00e4t polvia ja ristiluuta kyykyn syvyyden saavuttamiseen<br \/>\nk\u00e4ytt\u00e4en my\u00f6s lonkan koukistusta vahvemmin. Polvien k\u00e4ytt\u00f6 korostui naisilla,<br \/>\nja pidemmill\u00e4 naisilla polvikulma olikin suurempi kuin lyhyemmill\u00e4. Pidemmill\u00e4<br \/>\nmiehill\u00e4 sitten taas korostui pienemm\u00e4t lonkkakulmat. Tutkimuksen anti on<br \/>\nainakin se, ett\u00e4 miehet ja naiset k\u00e4ytt\u00e4v\u00e4t erilaisia liikestrategioita<br \/>\nkyykyss\u00e4, jolloin se tulisi huomioida niin valmennuksessa kuin kuntoutuksessakin.<br \/>\nKim ym. (2021) tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutkia fyysisten ominaisuuksien ja<br \/>\nalaraajojen biomekaniikan v\u00e4lisi\u00e4 suhteita kyykkyliikkeen aikana. He pyrkiv\u00e4t<br \/>\nselvitt\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n, esiintyyk\u00f6 n\u00e4iss\u00e4 my\u00f6s sukupuolieroja. He mittasivat reisiluun ja<br \/>\ns\u00e4\u00e4riluun pituuden suhdetta, lonkka- ja nilkkanivelten liikkuvuutta sek\u00e4<br \/>\nsuhteellista lihasvoimaa. Merkitt\u00e4v\u00e4\u00e4 sukupuolieroa ei t\u00e4ss\u00e4 tutkimuksessa<br \/>\nkuitenkaan n\u00e4iss\u00e4 tekij\u00f6iss\u00e4 havaittu. Alaraajojen biomekaniikan onkin<br \/>\nosoitettu korreloivan enemm\u00e4n suhteellisen lihasvoiman ja nivelten liikkuvuuden<br \/>\nkuin jalkojen pituussuhteen kanssa.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Toinen<br \/>\nmielenkiintoinen seikka antropometriaan liittyy reisiluun pituuteen. Cooke ym.<br \/>\n(2019) tutkivat reisiluun pituuden vaikutuksia kyykkyliikkeen toistom\u00e4\u00e4riin.<br \/>\nTuloksena oli, ett\u00e4 koehenkil\u00f6t, joilla oli pisimm\u00e4t reisiluut saivat tehty\u00e4<br \/>\nhuomattavasti v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n toistoja kuin koehenkil\u00f6t, joilla oli lyhyin reisiluu.<br \/>\nTuloksista tuli ilmi my\u00f6s se, ett\u00e4<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; <\/span>kehon<br \/>\nmassa, rasvaprosentti ja reisiluun pituus ovat kaikki k\u00e4\u00e4nteisesti yhteydess\u00e4<br \/>\ntoistoihin, jotka suoritetaan 70%: lla 1RM: st\u00e4 takakyykyss\u00e4. Pidemm\u00e4t<br \/>\nreisiluut ja suuremmat lihaspituudet n\u00e4ytt\u00e4isiv\u00e4t liittyv\u00e4n my\u00f6s suurempiin<br \/>\nlihasvaurioihin (Nogueira et 2011) ja lihasten toiminnan heikkenemiseen<br \/>\nsupistumisen aikana (Behrens ym. 2012).&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<table align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fitmia.fi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/squat-1.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"><img decoding=\"async\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"4288\" data-original-width=\"2848\" height=\"320\" data-src=\"https:\/\/fitmia.fi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/squat-1-199x300.jpg\" width=\"213\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 213px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 213\/320;\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-align: left;\">Photo by Leon Ardho<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\"><br \/><b><br \/><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Escamilla<br \/>\nym. kirjallisuuskatsauksessa (2001) oli kohteena s\u00e4\u00e4ren ja reisiluun<br \/>\n(tibiofemoraaliset) leikkaus- ja puristusvoimat, polvilumpion ja reisiluun<br \/>\n(patellofemoraaliset) puristusvoimat, polven ojentaja- ja koukistajalihasten<br \/>\naktiivisuus. Terveet polvet omaaville urheilijoille t\u00e4m\u00e4n mukaan voidaan<br \/>\nsuositella vaakatasoon (jossa siis reisiluu menee vaakasuoraan) suoritettavaa<br \/>\nkyykky\u00e4 syv\u00e4n kyykyn sijaan, koska meniski- ja ristisiteiden sek\u00e4 sivusiteiden<br \/>\nloukkaantumisriski voi lis\u00e4\u00e4nty\u00e4 syv\u00e4n kyykyn my\u00f6t\u00e4. Kyykky ei kuitenkaan<br \/>\nvaaranna polven vakautta ja se voi jopa lis\u00e4t\u00e4 vakautta oikein suoritettuna.<br \/>\nKyykyn todetaan katsauksen mukaan olevan tehokas lonkan, polven ja nilkan<br \/>\nlihasten kehitt\u00e4j\u00e4, sill\u00e4 sen aikana k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n kohtalaista tai korkeaa<br \/>\naktiivissuutta etureiden, takareisien ja pohkeen lihaksissa. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Leve\u00e4mpi<br \/>\nkyykkyasento onkin suositeltavampi, mik\u00e4li tavoitteena on<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; <\/span>lonkan l\u00e4hent\u00e4jien (adduktorien) ja lonkan<br \/>\nojentajien (mm. pakaralihaksen) kehityksen optimointiin (Miyamoto ym. 1999).<br \/>\nKapeampi kyykkyasento on tehokkaampi pohjelihasten (m. gastrocnemiuksen)<br \/>\nkehityksen kohdentamiseen (Escamilla ym. 2001). Toisaalta kyykkyasentoa voidaan<br \/>\nmy\u00f6s vaihdella niveliin liittyvien voimien muuttamiseksi, sill\u00e4 kapea asento<br \/>\nauttaa v\u00e4hent\u00e4m\u00e4\u00e4n puristusvoimia (sek\u00e4 patellofemoraalista ett\u00e4<br \/>\ntibiofemoraalista). Leve\u00e4 kyykkyasento aiheuttaa pienemm\u00e4n polven translaatioon<br \/>\neteenp\u00e4in v\u00e4hent\u00e4en ns. leikkausvoimia (Escamilla ym. 2001).<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Suositeltava<br \/>\nkyykkytekniikka riskien minimoimiseksi<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;\">\n<td style=\"border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.85pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"117\">\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Katse<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.5pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"129\">\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Selk\u00e4ranka<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.5pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"121\">\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Syvyys<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.15pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"130\">\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Polvikulma<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-left: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.8pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"105\">\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><b><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Jalkater\u00e4t<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;\">\n<td style=\"border-top: none; border: 1pt solid windowtext; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 87.85pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"117\">\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Eteenp\u00e4in tai yl\u00f6sp\u00e4in<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 96.5pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"129\">\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Neutraali, suora, lannerangan<br \/>\n  lordoosi <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.5pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"121\">\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Lannerangan lordoosin s\u00e4ilyminen<br \/>\n  mittarina<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 97.15pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"130\">\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">115\u2013125\u02da<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Polvet vapaasti yli jalkaterien<br \/>\n  liikkeen aikana<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Ei valgusta eli sis\u00e4\u00e4np\u00e4in<br \/>\n  k\u00e4\u00e4ntymist\u00e4<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 78.8pt;\" valign=\"top\" width=\"105\">\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Neutraali<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Kantap\u00e4\u00e4t maassa<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><a name=\"_Hlk190974062\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Lopuksi<br \/>\ntodettakoon kuitenkin, ett\u00e4 urheilijoilla lajityypillisen kyykkytekniikan<br \/>\nlis\u00e4ksi olisi suotavaa harjoitella kyykyn eri variaatioita treenin<br \/>\nmonipuolistamisen ja rasitusvammojen ennaltaehk\u00e4isyn sek\u00e4 kehityksen takaamisen<br \/>\nkannalta. T\u00e4m\u00e4 p\u00e4tee my\u00f6s muihin treenaajiin: on hyv\u00e4 vaihdella eri asentoja<br \/>\nsek\u00e4 varioida laitteiden ja vapaiden painojen k\u00e4ytt\u00f6\u00e4. Toisaalta olisi t\u00e4rke\u00e4\u00e4<br \/>\nhuomioida valmennettavan antropometriset ominaisuudet, jolloin kyykkytekniikka<br \/>\nvoidaan hioa h\u00e4nen mittasuhteilleen optimaaliseksi ja v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n riskej\u00e4<br \/>\nsis\u00e4lt\u00e4v\u00e4ksi harjoitteeksi. Esimerkkin\u00e4 mainittakoon henkil\u00f6t, joilla on torson<br \/>\nosuus suhteessa lyhyempi kuin raajojen. T\u00e4ll\u00f6in tyypillisesti my\u00f6s reisiluun<br \/>\npituus on suhteessa pidempi. Kaava. jolla saa reisiluun suhteellisen pituuden,<br \/>\non k\u00e4ytetty joissakin tutkimuksissa n\u00e4in: (reisiluun pituus\/koko kehon pituus) x<br \/>\n100 %. Tavallisin reisiluun suhteellinen osuus on 25 %, ja suurempi luku kertoo<br \/>\nsen vaikuttavan kyykyn biomekaniikkaan. Turvallinen kyykky t\u00e4ss\u00e4 tilanteessa<br \/>\nolisi kapeampi\/hartioiden levyinen asento korokkeen ollessa kantap\u00e4iden alla.<br \/>\nMy\u00f6s painonnoston korolliset kyykkykeng\u00e4t toimivat hyvin. N\u00e4in voidaan v\u00e4ltt\u00e4\u00e4<br \/>\nlannerankaan ja SI- niveleen kohdistuvien kompressio-\/leikkausvoimien<br \/>\nhaitallinen vaikutus, kevent\u00e4\u00e4 painetta lannelordoosin suoristumiseen ja<br \/>\nalasel\u00e4n py\u00f6ristymiseen. Kyykkyasento siis pysyy paremmin kohtisuorana ja selk\u00e4<br \/>\nneutraalissa asennossa. T\u00e4m\u00e4 kaikki puolestaan v\u00e4hent\u00e4\u00e4 huomattavasti riski\u00e4<br \/>\nv\u00e4lilevynpullistuman esiintymiseen. Toisaalta kyykkysyvyyteen voi vaikuttaa<br \/>\nleve\u00e4mm\u00e4ll\u00e4 jalkojen asennolla, mik\u00e4li tavoitteena on mahdollisimman syv\u00e4<br \/>\nkyykky.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Kuva: Kyykky (Photo by Leon Ardho from Pexels:<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/photo-of-man-lifting-barbell-1552106\/)<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>L\u00e4hteet:&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Anderson K &amp; Behm DG (2005): Trunk muscle activity increases with unstable squat movements<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Bazyler CD, Sato K, Wassinger CA, Lamont HS, &amp; Stone MH (2014): The efficacy of incorporating partial squats in maximal strength training<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Behrens M, Mau-Moeller A &amp; Bruhn S (2012): Effect of exercise- induced muscle damage on neuromuscular function of the quadriceps muscle<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Bryanton MA, Kennedy MD, Carey JP &amp; Chiu LZF (2012): Effect of squat depth and barbell load on relative muscular effort in squatting<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Cappozzo A, Felici F, Figura F &amp; Gazzani F (1985): Lumbar spine loading during half-<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">squat exercises<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Caterisano A, Moss RF, Pellinger TK, Woodruff K, Lewis VC, Booth W &amp; Khadra T (2002): The effect of back squat depth on the EMG activity of 4 superficial hip and thigh muscles<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Comfort P, McMahon JJ &amp; Suchomel TJ (2018): Optimizing squat technique-revisited<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: FI; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\">Cooke DM, &nbsp;Haischer MH, Carzoli JP, Bazyler CD, Johnson TK, Varieur R, Zoeller RF, Whitehurst M &amp; Zourdos MC (2019) : Body Mass and Femur Length Are Inversely Related to Repetitions Performed in the Back Squat in Well-Trained Lifters<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Delgado J,&nbsp;Drinkwater EJ,&nbsp;Banyard HG,&nbsp;Haff GG &amp; Nosaka K (2019): Comparison Between Back Squat, Romanian Deadlift, and Barbell Hip Thrust for Leg and Hip Muscle Activities During Hip Extension<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Demers E, Pendenza J, Radevich V &amp; Preuss R (2018): The effect of stance width and anthropometrics on joint range of motion in the lower extremities during a back squat<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Escamilla RF (2001): Knee biomechanics of the dynamic squat exercise<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Escamilla, RF, Fleisig, GS, Lowry, TM, Barrentine, SW &amp; Andrews, JR (2001): A three dimensional biomechanical analysis of the squat during varying stance widths<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Escamilla RF, Fleisig GS, Zheng N, Barrentine SW, Wilke KE , &amp; Andrews JR (1998): Biomechanics of the knee during closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Escamilla RF, Fleisig GS, Zheng N, Lander JE, Barrentine SW, Andrews JR, Bergemann BW &amp; Moorman CT (2001): Effects of technique variations on knee biomechanics during the squat and leg press<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Fry AC, Smith JC &amp; Schilling BK (2003): Effect of knee position on hip and knee torques&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">during the barbell squat<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Gomes J, Neto T, Vaz JR, Schoenfeld BJ &amp; Freitas SR (2020) Is there a relationship be- tween back squat depth, ankle flexibility, and Achilles tendon stiffness?<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"DE\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: DE;\">Hartmann H, Wirth K, Klusemann M, Dalic J, Matuschek C &amp; Schmidtbleicher D (2012)&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Influence of squatting depth on jumping performance<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Kim S, Miller M, Tallarico A, Helder S, Liu Y, Lee S (2021): Relationships between physical characteristics and biomechanics of lower extremity during the squat<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Kubo K, Ikebukuro T &amp; Yata H (2019): Effects of squat training with different depths on lower limb muscle volumes<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Mc Caw, ST, &amp; Melrose DR (1999): Stance width and bar load effects on leg muscle activity during the parallel squat<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Mc Kean M&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Burkett BJ. (2012): Does Segment Length Influence the Hip, Knee and Ankle Coordination During the Squat Movement?<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Miyamoto K, Iinuma N, Maeda M, Wada E &amp; Shimizu K (1999): Effects of abdominal belts on intra-abdominal pressure, intra- muscular pressure in the erector spinae muscles and myoelectrical activities of trunk muscles<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Miller JP, Sedory D &amp; Croce RV (1997): Leg rotation and vastus medialis oblique\/vastus&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">lateralis electromyogram activity ratio during closed chain kinetic exercises&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">prescribed for patellofemoral pain<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Ninos JC, Irrgang JJ, Burdett R &amp; Weiss JR (1997): Electromyographic analysis of the squat performed in self-selected lower extremity neutral rotation and 30\u00b0 of lower extremity turn-out from the self-selected neutral position<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: FR-BE;\">Nogueir AdeC, Vale RG, Gomes AL &amp; Dantas EH&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(2011): The effect of muscle actions on the level of connective tissue damage<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Oddsson LIE, Persson T, Cresswell AG &amp; Thorstensson A (1999): Interaction between voluntary and postural motor commands during perturbed lifting<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Panerillo RA, Backus SI &amp; Parker JW&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">(1994): The effect of the squat exercise on anterior-posterior knee translation in professional football players<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Plotkin DL, Rodas, MA, Vigotsky AD, McIntosh MC, Breeze E, Ubrik R, Robitzsch C, Agyin-Birikorang, A, Mattingly ML, Michel JM, Kontos NJ, Frug\u00e9 AD, Wilburn CM, Weimar WH, Adil Bashir A, Beyers RJ, Henselmans M, Contreras BM &amp; Roberts MD (2023): Hip thrust and back squat training elicit similar gluteus muscle hypertrophy and transfer similarly to the deadlift<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: FI; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\">Ribeiro AS, Santos ED, Nunes JP, Nascimento MA, Gra\u00e7a \u00c1, Bezerra ES, Mayhew JL (2023): A Brief Review on the Effects of the Squat Exercise on Lower-Limb Muscle Hypertrophy<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Signorile JF, Kwiatkowski K, Caruso JF &amp; Robertson B (1995): Effect of foot position on electromyographical activity of the superficial quadriceps muscles during the parallel squat and knee extension<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Vakos JP, Nitz AJ, Threlkeld AJ, Shapiro R &amp; Horn T (1994): Electromyographic activity of&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">selected trunk and hip muscles during a squat lift. Effect of varying the lumbar&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">posture<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Weiss LW, Fry AC, Wood LE, Relyea GE &amp; Melton C (2000): Comparative effects of deep versus shallow squat and leg-press training on vertical jumping ability and related factors<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Yack HJ, Collins CE &amp; Whieldon TJ (1993): Comparison of closed and open kinetic chain&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">exercise in the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;Osa II Kyykkyyn liitetty 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