{"id":21,"date":"2025-02-13T14:27:00","date_gmt":"2025-02-13T14:27:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-04-27T18:15:15","modified_gmt":"2025-04-27T18:15:15","slug":"takakyykyn-biomekaniikkaa-hypertrofiaa-ja-antropometriaa-osa-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fitmia.fi\/?p=21","title":{"rendered":"Takakyykyn biomekaniikkaa, hypertrofiaa ja antropometriaa Osa I"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\">&nbsp;<b>&nbsp;Osa I<\/b><\/h3>\n<div>\n<table align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fitmia.fi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Glut-1.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"><img decoding=\"async\" border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"343\" data-original-width=\"720\" height=\"264\" data-src=\"https:\/\/fitmia.fi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Glut-1-300x143.jpg\" width=\"556\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 556px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 556\/264;\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif; text-align: left;\">Kuva: Plotkin (2023)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b><br \/><\/b><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Halusin<br \/>\ntarkastella kyykky\u00e4 hieman tarkemmin, sill\u00e4 se on yksi yleisimmin k\u00e4ytetyist\u00e4<br \/>\nharjoitteista niin alaraajojen kuntoutuksessa kuin vastusharjoittelussakin.<br \/>\nKyykky on my\u00f6s painonnoston yksi kilpailulaji, jossa on oikeaoppiseen kyykkyyn<br \/>\nomat s\u00e4\u00e4d\u00f6ksens\u00e4. Lihasten rekrytointi, polviniveleen sek\u00e4 alaraajojen luustoon<br \/>\nkohdistuvat voimat ovat erilaisia riippuen jalkojen sijoittelusta ja kyykyn<br \/>\nsyvyydest\u00e4, mutta my\u00f6s yksil\u00f6llisist\u00e4 antropometrisist\u00e4 eroista. Kyykkyasennon<br \/>\nleveytt\u00e4, jalkaterien asentoa sek\u00e4 kyykyn syvyytt\u00e4 voidaan muunnella<br \/>\ntavoitteiden sek\u00e4 yksil\u00f6llisten erojen mukaisesti. Kuitenkin on huomioitava,<br \/>\nett\u00e4 erilaiset rasitusvammat, kiputilat, vauriot joko meniskeiss\u00e4 tai<br \/>\nnivelrustoissa sek\u00e4 spondyloyysi ovat esimerkkej\u00e4 siit\u00e4, mit\u00e4 v\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4nlainen<br \/>\nkyykkytekniikka voi kuitenkin aiheuttaa (Cappozzo et al. 1985, Comfort et al.<br \/>\n2018, Escamilla 2001, Fry et al. 2003, Miller et al. 1997, Vakos et al. 1994,<br \/>\nYack et al. 1993), joten siksi on hyv\u00e4 perehty\u00e4 suorituksen optimointiin my\u00f6s<br \/>\ntekniselt\u00e4 kannalta. Keskityn t\u00e4ss\u00e4 eli ensimm\u00e4isess\u00e4 osassa enemm\u00e4n kyykyn<br \/>\nlihasvasteisiin, ja toisessa osassa kyykyn teknisiin seikkoihin. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Kyykyn ja<br \/>\nhip thrustin eli ns. lonkan ty\u00f6nt\u00f6harjoittelujen eroja pakaralihaksen<br \/>\nhypertrofiaan oli tarkasteltavana Plotkin ym. (2023) tutkimuksessa. Molemmat<br \/>\nliikkeet saivat aikaan samanlaista lihaskasvua, mutta takakyykyst\u00e4 seurasi my\u00f6s<br \/>\nreisilihaksen kasvua. My\u00f6s Delgado ym. (2019) tutkivat takakyykyn ja hip<br \/>\nthrustin lihasaktivaation eroja pintaelektromyografialla. Tarkasteltavana oli<br \/>\nmy\u00f6s etureisilihas (m. vastus lateralis), takareisilihas (m. biceps femoris) ja<br \/>\nsuuri pakaralihas (m. gluteus maximus). Tutkimuksessa oli vertailtavana my\u00f6s<br \/>\nromanialainen maastaveto (RDL). Tutkimuksen mukaan RDL oli yht\u00e4 tehokas kuin<br \/>\nlonkan ty\u00f6nt\u00f6harjoitus lonkan ojentajien (esim. pakaralihakset) aktivoinnissa,<br \/>\nkun taas takakyykky stimuloi samanaikaisesti sek\u00e4 lonkan ett\u00e4 polven<br \/>\nojentajalihaksia (etureisilihakset). Tutkimuksessa kuitenkin k\u00e4ytettiin samaa<br \/>\nkuormaa kaikilla koehenkil\u00f6ill\u00e4, joka on saattanut vaikuttaa kenties tuloksiin<br \/>\njonkin verran. <o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Yleisesti<br \/>\nhuomion arvoisena voisi mainita t\u00e4ss\u00e4 kohtaa sen, ett\u00e4 vaikka kyykky\u00e4 pidet\u00e4\u00e4n<br \/>\nalaraajojen lihasten harjoituksena, aktivoituu siin\u00e4 my\u00f6s muita lihasryhmi\u00e4.<br \/>\nKeskivartalon lihakset, p\u00e4\u00e4asiassa vatsan ja selk\u00e4rangan lihakset, aktivoituvat<br \/>\nmerkitt\u00e4v\u00e4sti. (Anderson ym. 2005, Oddsson ym. 1999) Lannerangan asennon mukaan<br \/>\nsuoran vatsalihaksen, selk\u00e4rangan ja leve\u00e4n selk\u00e4lihaksen (m. latissimus dorsi)<br \/>\naktivoinneissa on kuitenkin vaihtelua (Vakos ym. 1994), ja suuren<br \/>\npakaralihaksen suhteen voidaan havaita parempi rekrytointi syv\u00e4n kyykyn aikana.<br \/>\nTakareisilihaksen ja etureiden suhteellisessa osuudessa ei n\u00e4ytt\u00e4isi olevan<br \/>\nmerkitt\u00e4vi\u00e4 eroja tutkimuksen mukaan t\u00e4llaisen kyykyn suorituksessa. Etureiden<br \/>\n(erityisesti m. vastus medialiksen) osuus kuitenkin n\u00e4ytt\u00e4isi kasvavan<br \/>\nkyykkysyvyyden kasvaessa. (Caterisano ym. 2002) Lis\u00e4\u00e4ntynyt kyykkysyvyys<br \/>\n(puolikyykky 45\u00b0, rinnakkaiskyykky 90\u00b0, t\u00e4yssyv\u00e4kyykky 125\u00b0) vaikuttaisi siis<br \/>\njohtavan tehokkaampaan pakaralihaksen prosentuaaliseen osuuteen t\u00e4yssyv\u00e4n<br \/>\nkyykyn aikana. (Caterisano ym. 2002, Ninos 1997) Eksentrisess\u00e4 vaiheessa eli<br \/>\nalasmenovaiheessa nelj\u00e4n eri lihasryhm\u00e4n (m. vastus medialis, m. vastus<br \/>\nlateralis, m. biceps femoris, m. gluteus maximus) suhteelliset osuudet n\u00e4iss\u00e4<br \/>\nkolmessa testatussa syvyydess\u00e4 eiv\u00e4t eronneet tilastollisesti toisistaan.<br \/>\n(Caterisano ym. 2002) Tutkimukset yleisesti antavat ymm\u00e4rt\u00e4\u00e4, ett\u00e4<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; <\/span>tekniikasta riippumatta kyykky ei aktivoi<br \/>\npaljonkaan takareisilihaksia. (Escamilla ym. 1998 &amp; 2001, Ninos ym. 1997,<br \/>\nSignorile ym. 1995)<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Jalkaterien<br \/>\nkiert\u00e4misell\u00e4 ei kuitenkaan (neutraali, 30\u201340\u00b0 mediaalinen, 80\u00b0<br \/>\nsivuttaiskierto) ole osoitettu olevan havaittavaa vaikutusta lihastoimintaan<br \/>\ntutkittaessa etureiden (m. rectus femoris, m. vastus medialis, m. vastus<br \/>\nlateralis), reiden l\u00e4hent\u00e4jien (m. adductor longus) sek\u00e4 takareiden (m.<br \/>\nsemimembranosus, m. semitendinosus ja m. biceps femoris) aktivaatiota.<br \/>\n(Escamilla ym. 1998 &amp;; 2001,<span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp; <\/span>Mc Caw<br \/>\nym. 1999, Ninos ym. 1997, Signorile ym. 1995) Toisaalta asennon leveyden<br \/>\nvaihtelu kuitenkin muuttaa lihasten rekrytointimalleja, sill\u00e4 hartioiden<br \/>\nleveytt\u00e4 suurempi asento lis\u00e4\u00e4 l\u00e4hent\u00e4j\u00e4lihaksen aktiivisuutta. (Ninos ym.<br \/>\n1997, Signorile ym. 1995) Optimaalinen kyykkytekniikka minimoi<br \/>\nloukkaantumisriski\u00e4, mutta aktivoi maksimaalisesti alaraajojen lihaksia.<br \/>\nTutkimusten mukaan t\u00e4m\u00e4 asento onkin juuri leve\u00e4 jalkojen asento, jalkaterien<br \/>\nollessa luonnollisessa kulmassa (Escamilla et al. 1998 &amp;; 2001, Mc Caw et<br \/>\nal. 1999, Ninos et al. 1997, Signorile et al. 1995), kantap\u00e4\u00e4t pysyv\u00e4t<br \/>\nlattiassa, polvet liikkuvat vapaasti jalkaterien yli (Fry 2003, Panerillo 1994)<br \/>\nja katse on eteen- tai yl\u00f6sp\u00e4in. T\u00e4ysi kyykkysyvyys (115\u2013125\u00b0 polvikulma) olisi<br \/>\nsuositeltavin olettaen kuitenkin, ett\u00e4 alasel\u00e4n lordoosi eli luonnollinen notko<br \/>\neteenp\u00e4in s\u00e4ilyy hyv\u00e4n\u00e4. (Caterisano ym. 2002, Ninos ym. 1997) Aiemminhan on<br \/>\nsuositeltu, ett\u00e4 kyykky suoritettaisiin polvikulmalla 0-50\u02da (Escamilla ym.<br \/>\n2001), koska polven rakenteisiin kohdistuvat voimat lis\u00e4\u00e4ntyv\u00e4t lis\u00e4\u00e4ntyneen<br \/>\nkoukistusliikkeen eli fleksion my\u00f6t\u00e4 (Escamilla ym. 2001) Suorituskyky n\u00e4ytt\u00e4\u00e4<br \/>\nkuitenkin paranevan, kun kyykky suoritetaan suuremmalla liikealueella (Hartmann<br \/>\nym. 2002, Weiss ym. 2000) tai kun matalaa kyykky\u00e4 k\u00e4ytet\u00e4\u00e4n t\u00e4ydennysharjoituksena<br \/>\nt\u00e4yssyv\u00e4kyykkyyn. (Bazyler ym. 2014) Kubo ym. (2019) tutkimuksen tulokset<br \/>\nviittaavatkin siihen, ett\u00e4 t\u00e4yssyv\u00e4kyykkyharjoittelu on tehokkaampaa<br \/>\nalaraajojen lihasten kehitt\u00e4misess\u00e4 lukuun ottamatta takareisilihaksia.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Ribeiro ym.<br \/>\nkirjallisuuskatsauksen (2023) perusteella kyykky on tehokas harjoitus etureisilihasten<br \/>\n(etenkin m. vastus lateralis, medialis ja intermedius sek\u00e4 m. rectus femoris,<br \/>\nvaikkakin v\u00e4hemm\u00e4n j\u00e4lkimm\u00e4isen osalta) lihaskasvun edist\u00e4miseen. T\u00e4m\u00e4n<br \/>\nkatsauksen mukaankin takakyykky n\u00e4ytt\u00e4isi tuottavan v\u00e4h\u00e4n tai ei lainkaan<br \/>\ntakareisilihaksen (hamstrings) lihaskasvua. Vaikka pakaralihas (m. gluteus<br \/>\nmaximus) osallistuukin selv\u00e4sti mekaanisesti takakyykkyyn, aiheesta n\u00e4ytt\u00e4isi<br \/>\nsilti olevan melko v\u00e4h\u00e4n pitkitt\u00e4istutkimuksia. Syv\u00e4kyykky voi kuitenkin olla lihaskasvua<br \/>\nedist\u00e4v\u00e4mpi\u00e4 pakaralihakselle. Kyykkysyvyys, joka ylitt\u00e4\u00e4 90\u02da polvikulman, ei kuitenkaan<br \/>\nn\u00e4ytt\u00e4isi lis\u00e4\u00e4v\u00e4n polven ojentajien (etureisilihaksien) hypertrofiaa.<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Kuva:<br \/>\nPlotkin (2023): <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10349977\/figure\/F5\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10349977\/figure\/F5\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"background: white; color: #1b1b1b; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\">Plotkinin ym. (2003) tutkimuksesta kyykyn ja lonkan<br \/>\nty\u00f6nt\u00f6liikkeen eli hip thrustin vaikutuksista pakaralihaksiin. Kuvassa MRI<br \/>\n(magnetic resonance imaging eli magneettitutkimus) lihaksen poikkipinta-alat <span style=\"mso-spacerun: yes;\">&nbsp;<\/span>(a) vasen + oikea (L+R) ylempi ns. iso<br \/>\npakaralihas (m. gluteus maximus), b) L+R keskimm\u00e4inen ns. iso pakaralihas (m. gluteus<br \/>\nmaximus), c) L+R alempi ns. iso pakaralihas (m. gluteus maximus), d) L+R<br \/>\nkeskimm\u00e4inen ja pieni pakaralihas (m. gluteus medius+minimus). Kaaviot<br \/>\nsis\u00e4lt\u00e4v\u00e4t muutospisteet, joissa yksitt\u00e4isten osallistujien arvot on esitetty<br \/>\npistein\u00e4. e) Samalta osallistujalta esitet\u00e4\u00e4n kolme magneettikuvausta ennen ja<br \/>\nj\u00e4lkeen MRI-kuvan, joissa on valkoiset monikulmioj\u00e4ljitykset L+R:n ylemm\u00e4st\u00e4 m.<br \/>\ngluteus maximuksesta ja m. gluteus medius+minimuksista (ylh\u00e4\u00e4ll\u00e4), L+R:n<br \/>\nkeskimm\u00e4isest\u00e4 gluteus maximuksesta (keskell\u00e4) ja L+R:n alemmasta m. gluteus<br \/>\nmaximuksesta (alhaalla).&#8221;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif;\"><o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>L\u00e4hteet (Osa I ja Osa II)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\">Anderson K &amp; Behm DG. (2005):<br \/>\nTrunk muscle activity increases with unstable squat movements<o:p><\/o:p><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Bazyler CD, Sato K, Wassinger<br \/>\nCA, Lamont HS, &amp; Stone MH. (2014): The efficacy of incorporating partial<br \/>\nsquats in maximal strength training<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Behrens M, Mau-Moeller A &amp;<br \/>\nBruhn S. (2012): Effect of exercise- induced muscle damage on neuromuscular<br \/>\nfunction of the quadriceps muscle<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Bryanton MA, Kennedy MD, Carey<br \/>\nJP &amp; Chiu LZF. (2012): Effect of squat depth and barbell load on relative<br \/>\nmuscular effort in squatting<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Cappozzo A, Felici F, Figura F<br \/>\n&amp; Gazzani F. (1985): Lumbar spine loading during half-&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">squat exercises<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Caterisano A, Moss RF,<br \/>\nPellinger TK, Woodruff K, Lewis VC, Booth W &amp; Khadra T. (2002): The effect<br \/>\nof back squat depth on the EMG activity of 4 superficial hip and thigh muscles<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Comfort P, McMahon JJ &amp;<br \/>\nSuchomel TJ. (2018): Optimizing squat technique-revisited<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Cooke DM, <\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Haischer MH, Carzoli JP, Bazyler CD, Johnson<br \/>\nTK, Varieur R, Zoeller RF, Whitehurst M &amp; Zourdos MC (2019) : Body Mass and<br \/>\nFemur Length Are Inversely Related to Repetitions Performed in the Back Squat<br \/>\nin Well-Trained Lifters<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Delgado J,&nbsp;Drinkwater EJ,&nbsp;Banyard<br \/>\nHG,&nbsp;Haff GG &amp; Nosaka K.&nbsp;(2019): Comparison Between Back Squat,<br \/>\nRomanian Deadlift, and Barbell Hip Thrust for Leg and Hip Muscle Activities<br \/>\nDuring Hip Extension<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Demers E, Pendenza J, Radevich<br \/>\nV &amp; Preuss R. (2018): The effect of stance width and anthropometrics on<br \/>\njoint range of motion in the lower extremities during a back squat<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Escamilla RF. (2001): Knee<br \/>\nbiomechanics of the dynamic squat exercise<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Escamilla, RF, Fleisig, GS,<br \/>\nLowry, TM, Barrentine, SW &amp; Andrews, JR. (2001): A three dimensional<br \/>\nbiomechanical analysis of the squat during varying stance widths<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Escamilla RF, Fleisig GS, Zheng<br \/>\nN, Barrentine SW, Wilke KE , &amp; Andrews JR. (1998): Biomechanics of the knee<br \/>\nduring closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Escamilla RF, Fleisig GS,<br \/>\nZheng N, Lander JE, Barrentine SW, Andrews JR, Bergemann BW &amp; Moorman CT. (2001):<br \/>\nEffects of technique variations on knee biomechanics during the squat and leg<br \/>\npress<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Fry AC, Smith JC &amp;<br \/>\nSchilling BK. (2003): Effect of knee position on hip and knee torques&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">during the barbell squat<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Gomes J, Neto T, Vaz JR,<br \/>\nSchoenfeld BJ &amp; Freitas SR. (2020) Is there a relationship be- tween back<br \/>\nsquat depth, ankle flexibility, and Achilles tendon stiffness?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span lang=\"DE\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Hartmann H, Wirth K, Klusemann M,<br \/>\nDalic J, Matuschek C &amp; Schmidtbleicher D. (2012)&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Influence of squatting depth<br \/>\non jumping performance<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Kim S, Miller M, Tallarico A,<br \/>\nHelder S, Liu Y, Lee S. (2021): Relationships between physical characteristics<br \/>\nand biomechanics of lower extremity during the squat<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Kubo K, Ikebukuro T &amp; Yata H. (2019): Effects of squat training with<br \/>\ndifferent depths on lower limb muscle volumes<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Mc Caw, ST, &amp; Melrose DR. (1999):<br \/>\nStance width and bar load effects on leg muscle activity during the parallel<br \/>\nsquat<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Mc Kean M&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Burkett<br \/>\nBJ. (2012): Does Segment Length Influence the Hip, Knee and Ankle Coordination<br \/>\nDuring the Squat Movement?<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Miyamoto K, Iinuma N, Maeda M,<br \/>\nWada E &amp; Shimizu K. (1999): Effects of abdominal belts on intra-abdominal<br \/>\npressure, intra- muscular pressure in the erector spinae muscles and<br \/>\nmyoelectrical activities of trunk muscles<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Miller JP, Sedory D &amp;<br \/>\nCroce RV. (1997): Leg rotation and vastus medialis oblique\/vastus&nbsp;<\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">lateralis electromyogram<br \/>\nactivity ratio during closed chain kinetic exercises&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">prescribed for patellofemoral<br \/>\npain<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Ninos JC, Irrgang JJ, Burdett<br \/>\nR &amp; Weiss JR. (1997): Electromyographic analysis of the squat performed in<br \/>\nself-selected lower extremity neutral rotation and 30\u00b0 of lower extremity<br \/>\nturn-out from the self-selected neutral position<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span lang=\"FR-BE\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Nogueir AdeC, Vale RG, Gomes<br \/>\nAL &amp; Dantas EH. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">(2011): The effect of muscle actions on the level of<br \/>\nconnective tissue damage<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Oddsson LIE, Persson T,<br \/>\nCresswell AG &amp; Thorstensson A. (1999): Interaction between voluntary and<br \/>\npostural motor commands during perturbed lifting<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Panerillo<br \/>\nRA, Backus SI &amp; Parker JW. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">(1994): The effect of the squat exercise on<br \/>\nanterior-posterior knee translation in professional football players<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Plotkin DL, Rodas, MA,<br \/>\nVigotsky AD, McIntosh MC, Breeze E, Ubrik R, Robitzsch C, Agyin-Birikorang, A, Mattingly<br \/>\nML, Michel JM, Kontos NJ, Frug\u00e9 AD, Wilburn CM, Weimar WH, Adil Bashir A,<br \/>\nBeyers RJ, Henselmans M, Contreras BM &amp; Roberts MD. (2023): Hip thrust and<br \/>\nback squat training elicit similar gluteus muscle hypertrophy and transfer<br \/>\nsimilarly to the deadlift<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"color: black; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: FI; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Ribeiro AS, Santos ED, Nunes JP, Nascimento MA,<br \/>\nGra\u00e7a \u00c1, Bezerra ES, Mayhew JL (2023): A Brief Review on the Effects of the<br \/>\nSquat Exercise on Lower-Limb Muscle Hypertrophy<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Signorile JF, Kwiatkowski K,<br \/>\nCaruso JF &amp; Robertson B. (1995): Effect of foot position on<br \/>\nelectromyographical activity of the superficial quadriceps muscles during the<br \/>\nparallel squat and knee extension<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Vakos JP, Nitz AJ, Threlkeld<br \/>\nAJ, Shapiro R &amp; Horn T. (1994): Electromyographic activity of&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">selected trunk and hip muscles<br \/>\nduring a squat lift. Effect of varying the lumbar&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">posture<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Weiss LW, Fry AC, Wood LE,<br \/>\nRelyea GE &amp; Melton C. (2000): Comparative effects of deep versus shallow<br \/>\nsquat and leg-press training on vertical jumping ability and related factors<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0cm;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;\"><o:p>&nbsp;<\/o:p><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">Yack HJ, Collins CE &amp; Whieldon<br \/>\nTJ. (1993): Comparison of closed and open kinetic chain&nbsp;<\/span><span style=\"font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, serif;\">exercise in the anterior<br \/>\ncruciate ligament-deficient knee<\/span><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;Osa I Kuva: Plotkin (2023) Halusin tarkastella kyykky\u00e4 hieman tarkemmin, sill\u00e4 se on yksi yleisimmin k\u00e4ytetyist\u00e4 harjoitteista niin alaraajojen kuntoutuksessa 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